What Is Judicial Review

Judicial Review is the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to review laws and actions from Congress and the President to determine whether they are constitutional. This is part of the checks and balances that the three branches of the federal government use in order to limit each other and ensure a balance of power. Key Takeaways: Judicial Review Judicial review is the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to decide whether a law or decision by the legislative or executive branches of federal government, or any court or agency of the state governments is constitutional.Judicial review is a key to the doctrine  of balance of power based on a system of â€Å"checks and balances† between the three branches of the federal government.The power of judicial review was established in the 1803 Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison.   Judicial review is the fundamental principle of the U.S. system of federal government, and it means that all actions of the executive and legislative branches of government are subject to review and possible invalidation by the judiciary branch. In applying  the doctrine of judicial review, the U.S. Supreme Court plays a role in ensuring that the other branches of government abide by the U.S. Constitution. In this manner, judicial review is a vital element in the separation of powers between the three branches of government. Judicial review was established in the landmark Supreme Court decision of Marbury v. Madison, which included the defining passage from Chief Justice John Marshall: â€Å"It is emphatically the duty of the Judicial Department to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases must, of necessity, expound and interpret the rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the Court must decide on the operation of each.† Marbury vs. Madison and Judicial Review The power of the Supreme Court to declare an act of the legislative or executive branches to be in violation of the Constitution through judicial review is not found in the text of the Constitution itself. Instead, the Court itself established the doctrine in the 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison. On February 13, 1801, outgoing Federalist President John Adams signed the Judiciary Act of 1801, restructuring the U.S. federal court system. As one of his last acts before leaving office, Adams appointed 16 (mostly Federalist-leaning) judges to preside over new federal district courts created by the Judiciary Act. However, a thorny issue arose when new Anti-Federalist President Thomas Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison refused to deliver official commissions to the judges Adams had appointed. One of these blocked â€Å"Midnight Judges,† William Marbury, appealed Madison’s action to the Supreme Court in the landmark case of Marbury v. Madison,   Marbury asked the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus ordering the commission be delivered based on the Judiciary Act of 1789. However, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall ruled that the portion of the Judiciary Act of 1789 allowing for writs of mandamus was unconstitutional. This ruling established the precedent of judicial branch of the government to declare a law unconstitutional. This decision was a key in helping to place the judicial branch on a more even footing with the legislative and the executive branches. As Justice Marshall wrote: â€Å"It is emphatically the province and duty of the Judicial Department [the judicial branch] to say what the law is. Those who apply the rule to particular cases must, of necessity, expound and interpret that rule. If two laws conflict with each other, the Courts must decide on the operation of each.† Expansion of Judicial Review Over the years, the US Supreme Court has made a number of rulings that have struck down laws and executive actions as unconstitutional. In fact, they have been able to expand their powers of judicial review. For example, in the 1821 case of Cohens v. Virginia, the Supreme Court expanded its power of constitutional review to include the decisions of state criminal courts. In Cooper v. Aaron in 1958, the Supreme Court expanded the power so that it could deem any action of any branch of a states government to be unconstitutional. Examples of Judicial Review in Practice Over the decades, the Supreme Court has exercised its power of judicial review in overturning hundreds of lower court cases. The following are just a few examples of such landmark cases: Roe v. Wade (1973): The Supreme Court ruled that state laws prohibiting abortion were unconstitutional. The Court held that a womans right to an abortion fell within the right to privacy as protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court’s ruling affected the laws of 46 states. In a larger sense, Roe v. Wade confirmed that the Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction extended to cases affecting women’s reproductive rights, such as contraception. Loving v. Virginia (1967): State laws prohibiting interracial marriage were struck down. In its unanimous decision, the Court held that distinctions drawn in such laws were generally â€Å"odious to a free people† and were subject to â€Å"the most rigid scrutiny† under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. The Court found that the Virginia law in question had no purpose other than â€Å"invidious racial discrimination.† Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010): In a decision that remains controversial today, the Supreme Court ruled laws restricting spending by corporations on federal election advertising unconstitutional. In the decision, an ideologically divided 5-to-4 majority of justices held that under the First Amendment corporate funding of political advertisements in candidate elections cannot be limited. Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Again wading into controversy-swollen waters, the Supreme Court found state laws banning same-sex marriage to be unconstitutional. By a 5-to-4 vote, the Court held that the Due Process of Law Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects the right to marry as a fundamental liberty and that the protection applies to same-sex couples in the same way it applies to opposite-sex couples. In addition, the Court held that while the First Amendment protects the rights of religious organizations to adhere to their principles, it does not allow states to deny same-sex couples the right to marry on the same terms as those for opposite-sex couples. Updated by Robert Longley

Examples Of Violation After Inserting The Record - 994 Words

Violation after inserting this record Integrity of commit and safe of record Referential Integrity (By using foreign key i.e. a key uniquely matched with another table.) Key constraint No - - - Violation after inserting this record Integrity of commit and safe of record Referential Integrity (By using foreign key i.e. a key uniquely matched with another table.) Key constraint Yes, it will violate - There is no relation defined with DNUMBER=2, so it will violate. However, this can be enforced by using DNUMBER which is present and matched with DNUMS to either 1,4,5. Or inserting DNUM-2 in department itself. Violation after inserting this record Integrity of commit and safe of record Referential Integrity (By using foreign†¦show more content†¦Violation after inserting this record Integrity of commit and safe of record Referential Integrity (By using foreign key i.e. a key uniquely matched with another table.) Key constraint Yes, it will violate - - Ssn = ‘987654321’ Many records are present for this SSN in table Dependent, department, Works on, employee. These all will reference the record deleted for employee with this ssn. This can be enforced by deleting first all the record whose values for ssn, essn,mgrssn and superssn is same as given here. Violation after inserting this record Integrity of commit and safe of record Referential Integrity (By using foreign key i.e. a key uniquely matched with another table.) Key constraint Yes, it will violate - It will reflect the relation for Pname= â€Å"ProductX†, and reflects the related tuples in works on. Violation after inserting this record Integrity of commit and safe of record Referential Integrity (By using foreign key i.e. a key uniquely matched with another table.) Key constraint No, it won’t violate. - - Violation after inserting this record Integrity of commit and safe of record Referential Integrity (By using foreign key i.e. a key uniquely matched with another table.) Key constraint Yes, it will violate - SUPERSSN=943775543 No such record exits for employee with the given ssn. To do it, insert a new employee with given ssn. Violation after inserting this record Integrity of commit and safe of recordShow MoreRelatedBecoming An Eligible Police Cadet1575 Words   |  7 Pages Becoming a police officer in today’s society is a great challenge. One must have a clean record, good credit and debit score, decent immediate family, and with many more requirements. When I first went through the application process, I could not understand why so much information was needed about my past. The application consists of education information going back to elementary school. Every immediate family member with dates of birth and home address. 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Equal Employment Opportunity †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 2. Health and Safety †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Accurate Information, Records, and Communications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 Treat Everyone with Respect†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.20 Gifts, Favors and Conflicts of Interest†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.21 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..24 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreA Brief Note On Privacy And Security Threats3726 Words   |  15 Pageskinds of threats and breaches. 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Question: Part A 1. Define the terms 'pharmacokinetics' and 'pharmacodynamics'. 2. What is meant by 'plasma protein binding'? In your answer, explain the effects that plasma protein binding has on the metabolism and elimination of protein bound drugs. 3. Why should aspirin not normally be administered to a patient who is taking a course of the anticoagulant drug, warfarin? 4. Explain the 'hepatic first pass effect'. Why is it important to consider this effect when administering drugs orally? 5. Morphine, a narcotic analgesic, has a half-life of about 2 3 hours. The half-life of naloxone (Narcan), the antidote for narcotic overdose, is approximately 1 hour. What does the term 'half-life' mean, and what implications does this information have for the prescribers of these drugs? 6. What is meant by 'steady state' concentrations of a drug? Explain how and when a steady state is achieved. 7. Describe the characteristics and properties of enzymes. What is the difference between competitive and non-competit ive enzyme inhibition? Give one example for each. 8. What happens when a drug acts as an 'antagonist'? Explain how atropine, an anticholinergic, acts as an antagonist at cholinergic receptors. What are the effects of atropine on the human body? 9. Describe the drug interactions which may occur when the following drugs and/or other substances are administered concurrently:a. phenelzine and broad beans or cheddar cheeseb. tetracyclines and antacidsc. alcohol and diazepam Part B Mr FT is a 22-year-old man who has been admitted to your hospital emergency department.He has been working as a labourer at a nearby market garden that specialises in growing flowers. He was spraying the crops with the organophosphate insecticide Malathion when he collapsed. He was not wearing the appropriate protective clothing. You observe that he is conscious and complains of gastrointestinal cramps and nausea. He vomited a couple of times in the ambulance as he was transported to hospital. You note the manifestations: profuse sweating, drooling, lacrimation, bradycardia, agitation, muscle twitching and constricted pupils.Supportive treatment is implemented, which involves respiratory support and the administration of antidotes.His progress is carefully monitored during this critical period. His recovery is without complications. He is discharged from hospital several days later.1. Underlying this clients condition is a change in the level of activity of a division of the autonomi c nervous system. Which division is affected and what is the nature of the change? Provide examples of the physiological responses 2. Which type or types of tissue receptor are involved in this condition? 3. Explain the mechanism by which the organophosphate insecticides induce this state? 4. Which clinical drug group do the organophosphate insecticides closely resemble in terms of their action? Why? 5. Which drug group can be used as an antidote to oppose the effects of the insecticide? Why? Part C BB, a 5-year-old boy with a history of chronic asthma, has been admitted to hospital suffering a moderately severe asthma attack. Over a period of time his condition has been well managed using daily inhalation of the corticosteroid beclomethasone, coupled with inhalation of the Beta2 agonist salbutamol when required. His parents think that this particular attack was brought on by a mild respiratory infection that has been affecting the other members of the family. Treatment begins with oxygen therapy and a dose of the Beta2 agonist salbutamol via an inhaler and spacer. A dose of hydrocortisone is administered intramuscularly soon after. Inhaler treatment is repeated hourly. After eight hours the acute attack is easing and by 12 hours post admission BB is ready for discharge.1. Briefly outline the long-term aims of asthma management, the first-line therapy and the preferred treatment of an acute attach according to the National Asthma Campaign. 2. Explain why the mild respiratory inf ection would be considered a trigger for BBs asthma attack. 3. What is the rationale for the use of inhaled corticosteroids in the long-term management of BBs chronic asthma? 4. a. What short-term adverse effects would you expect to see with inhaled corticosteroids? b. What short-term adverse effects would you expect to see associated with inhaled B2 agonists?)5. What problem may be associated with the long-term use of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in young children? 6. Why has the health team managing BBs acute attack used an inhaler and spacer to administer the bronchodilator therapy rather than a nebuliser?7. How does the systemic administration of the corticosteroid hydrocortisone assist in the recovery after an acute asthma attack? 8. What aspects of your clients condition would you monitor during this combined therapy? Why? Answer: Definition of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Pharmacokinetics: Grimsley et al. (2013) presumed that Pharmacokinetics is one kind of disease that described that doing factor of drugs within the body such as movement of drug in body like into, out and through of the body during the time of absorption, metabolism, distribution, excretion, bioavailability, etc. Following table demonstrates the basic parameters of Pharmacokinetics Category Parameter Formula Absorption Bioavailability Amount of absorption of drug / dose of drug Distribution Unbound fraction Concentration of total plasma / Plasma concentration of unbound drug Elimination Metabolic clearance Concentration of plasma drug / drug metabolism rate Pharmacodynamics: Unlike Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics not only described the factor of movement of drug into the body but also described the complete factor of drug into the body. In the body, pharmacodynamics involved with several aspects such as receptor sensitivity. Apart from that, pharmacodynamics described the effects of post-receptor as well as the interaction of chemical during absorption. With the help of Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics explains the great relationship between the response and dose such as effect of drug into the body of human being. The response of pharamacologic response depends to its target on the drug binding. At the receptor site, the concentration of drug influences the effects of drug into the body. Due disorders such as aging, mental disorders and other drug, psychological changes can affect the pharmacodynamics of drug. Plasma Protein Binding According to Filipeanu et al. (2015), Plasma Protein Binding (PPB) has potential effects on the efficiency of drug and staying of drug into the body. Dunlop et al. (2011) argued that Plasma Protein binding effects the distribution of drug in several ways such as blood brain barrier, complexity of drug protein that do not permeate the phospholipids bilayers, in the nephrones membranes of glomerular, etc. In the first pass metabolism, bound drugs are also not available to the enzyms (Bullock Manias, 2013). Why should aspirin not normally be administered to a patient who is taking a course of the anticoagulant drug, warfarin? As argued by Bullock et al. (2007), Aspirin offer the alternative to the people that had blood clots in the form of deep veins. It never tolerates the long-term use of thinner blood. On the other hand long term use warfarin is inconvenient (Stahl, 2013). Therefore, use of aspirin in the administered of anticoagulant may effect on the block of effects of the vitamin K. Bennett et al. (2012) stated that blocking of vitamin K prevents the clots of blood that increased the time of making fibrin. If the aspirin used to care about the patient, these medicines does not prevent the blood chemical from working thrombin (Saadatzadeh et al 2011). Hepatic first passes effect and its importance The hepatic first pass effect takes place during the time of metabolism of drug between the site of sampling and administration regarding measurement of drug concentration. When the fraction of dose of drug administered the metabolism escapes in both cases large and small, hepatic first pass effect is very much important. The major site of hepatic first pass effect is usually assumed the liver of a drug administration orally (Maggs et al. 2012). On the other hand, Bullock et al. (2007) suggested that the potential site that affected by the first pass metabolism are blood, lings, arms, gastrointestinal tract, endothelium, vascular, etc. Apart from that, Feuerbach et al. (2010) argued the hepatic first pass effect extent in the liver and it is firmly depends of the large number of psychological factors. The major factors that affected by the hepatic first pass effect on the body are plasma protein, enzyme activity and blood cell binding (Lilley et al. 2014). Meaning of 'half-life', and implications that have for the prescribers of these drugs In accordance to Bullock et al. (2007), the term half-life in drugs that means the time of living of drug dose and strength. On the other hand, Feuerbach et al. (2010) cited that half-life in drugs are some metabolized fairly. From the point of view of drug, half-life demonstrated the timeline of strength of the given medication for human body (Peterchev et al. 2012). For instance, patient takes milligram pill. Therefore, the half-life is 13 hours. It means that the 20-milligram pill works in the body system for 13 hours. When the blood level of drug going down or going up, many drug effects occur in the human body primarily. This may affect completely in the human body (Wein et al. 2012). Due to this reason, people faced unwanted side effect that takes place the way of steady state. On the other hand, Greilhuber and Doleal (2009) acknowledged that classify drug effect into 2 groups in terms of changing the stabilized steady state primarily. Meaning of steady state and explanation From the point of view of drug effect, steady state refers the overall situation fairly in dynamic equilibrium that eliminates the effect of drug in the body (Kacmarek et al. 2013). When the people take half-life drug more than 4 or 5 time, the steady state occurred (Burtis Bruns, 2014). Therefore, steady state can occur in any condition because it is depend on the substance or introduction regarding removal or destruction of all concentrations, pressures, volumes, etc. However, Feuerbach et al. (2010) argued that steady state obtain in the exercise of moderate muscular during the time of lactic acid removal through production of oxidation, supply of oxygen, muscles, etc (Ruskin et al. 2013). Characteristic and properties of enzymes and difference between the competitive and non-competitive enzymes inhibition Bullock et al. (2007) cited that enzymes are the large biomolecules that responsible for the reaction of chemical in human body. It is very much important and necessary for sustaining the life. (Source: Greilhuber and Doleal, 2009, pp- 392) On the other hand, , Greilhuber and Doleal (2009) stated that enzyme is the biological catalysts and protein molecule. The rate of reaction in human body can increased due to effect of enzymes. Following table shows the different characteristic and properties of enzymes Characteristics Properties Poses great catalysts power Demonstrates the varying degree of specificilities Detect different optical isomers Suggest specific reaction only It can be coagulated by the heat, alkaline reagents, concentrated acids, alcohol, etc Reduce the activation energy for reaction Work best especially in the pH accommodation (optimum pH) Have specific shape with particular site such as substrate the reaction speed One type of reaction (specific) Difference between competitive and non-competitive enzyme inhibition Competitive enzyme inhibition: Structure of molecule inhibition is similar like substrate. With the active site of enzymes, inhibitors firmly attached (Crommelin et al. 2013). Compete for enzymes of substrate molecules. Examples are folic acid synthesis. Sulpha drugs given to bacteria, etc (Heinrich et al. 2012). Non-competitive enzyme inhibition: It very different from competitive enzyme inhibition. The structure is fully different to molecule (Golan et al. 2011). It never competes with the molecule or substrate. Examples are election transport chain, prosthetic group of cytochromo oxidase, etc. Effects of antagonist and effect of atropine on the human body When the drug act as an antagonist it block or dampens the response of agonist mediated instead of provoking a biological response. When an atropine and anticholinergic act as the antagonist at cholinergic receptors it literally blocks the site of binding for acetycholine as well as prevent the natural muscarinic. In the human body, atropine affects in several ways such as frequency of adverse effects in the individual intolerance varies firmly, effects at the muscarinic-cholinergic receptors, etc. Apart from that, due to atropine human body faces several side effects such as dehydration, excessive thirst, weakness, hyperpyrexia, feeling clod hot, chest pain, tongue chewing, etc. Drug interaction in human body Phenelzine and broad beans or cheddar cheese: It effects on thinking or reaction in the human body. Apart from that, it increase the blood pressure at high levels that will be very much danger to human body, causing severe and sudden headache, increase the heartbeat rate, continuous vomiting, cold sweat, nausea, stiffness in your neck, etc. Tetracyclines and antacids: Interaction of tetracylines have high affinity in the form of chelates that has metallic cations like Al+++, Ca++, Fe++, etc. On the other hand, interaction of antacids in human body is help in reducing the acidity in stomach and emptied into the duodenum. Alcohol and diazepam: Feuerbach et al. (2010) argued that alcohol is very much harmful for human body regarding medications over drugs. Alcohol interaction with medications may provide several problems to human body such as dizziness, loss of coordination, headache, abnormal behaviour, fainting, etc. Major drug interactions from the point of view of diazepam in the human are caused several problems such as aspirin, darvon, clopine, inapsine, orlaam, luvox, etc. Part B Division of the automatic nervous system In the human body, automatic nervous system regulates the certain process of body such as breathing rate, blood pressure, circulation of blood etc. Without the conscious of person, this system works automatically. However, , Greilhuber and Doleal (2009) suggested that disorder in the automatic nervous system can affected in ant part of the body. Bullock et al. (2007) depicted that automatic disorders may damage the nerves of human body and occur their own. Therefore, , Greilhuber and Doleal (2009) cited that automatic disorders may progressive or reversible. (Source: Manvich et al. 2012, pp- 768) Mr. FT is spraying the crop without any protection. It has been seen that, the patients who admitted into the hospital department is affected by gastrointestinal cramps and nausea. Therefore, it has been analyzed the main division that affected in the body of Mr. FT is autonomic disorder. The changes that identified in the body of Mr. FT were drooling, bradycardia, constricted pupils, lacrimation, profuse sweating, muscle twitching, etc. It has been also examined that rate of heart of Mr. FT was very much high and blood pressure also became high when he is sitting or lying down after stands. The physiological responses that identified in the body of Mr. FT were increased of urination, increase of defaecetion, increase of muscle tone, increase the rate of respiration, change the heart rate and blood pressure, etc. Types of tissue receptors that involved in this action There were several types of tissue receptors that involved in the action of Mr. FT such as dilation, perspiration, piloerection, papillary dilation, salivary glands and peripheral tissues, nicotine, muscarinic receptors, beta adrenergic receptors, etc. These are the different types of tissue receptors that identified in the action of Mr. FT. Explanation of mechanism by which organophosphate insecticides induce this state In this particular action, Mr. FT used chemical in spraying crops into the flower garden. The induced insecticide that includes in spraying of crop were parathion, dichlorvos, diazinon, malathion, etc. The nerve gases in this state were tabrun and soman. Apart from that, the ophthalmic agents were isoflurophate and echothiophate. Clinical drug group that do the organophosphate insecticides closely resemble in terms of Mr. FTs action According to Randall et al. (2012), echothiophate is one of the most effective and efficient irreversible that can be used in dilation of pupil especially for the case study of Mr FT. Apart from that, Feuerbach et al. (2010) suggested several clinical group such as endrophonium, neostigmine, demecarium, physostigmine, etc are the most effective clinical group that clos4ely resemble the organophosphate malathion of Mr. FT. Used drug group as an antidote to oppose the effects of the insecticide In order to oppose the effects of organophosphate insecticides closely from the body of Mr. FT, need to use the drug group of pralidoxime. It will the specific groups of opposing the current action that described above. Apart from that, need to involve the atropine acts on receptor in terms of protecting the side effect. Part C Long terms aims of asthma management, the first line therapy and preferred treatment according to National Asthma Campaign Feuerbach et al. (2010) described that that asthma management has several aims in order to protect or reduce the asthma from body of human being. Following are the aims of Asthma Management To monitor the patient of asthma and make an adjustment for treating the in own perspective To motivate the asthma patient in participating in sports and exercise To prevent the episodes of asthma To protect the patient from side effect of asthma medicines To provide less amount of medications to the patient of asthma in order to reduce the disease To make the patient possibly peak flow rate For the BB, the hospital department used the combination of high dose therapy with the used of ipratropium bromide (IB). Apart from that, in the hospital the medical department used 2-agonists for improvement of patients in a better way. In order to randomized that asthma of BB, hospital department represented the emergency department (ED) in trems of treating the asthma exacerbation. In order to treat the asthma of BB, several steps have to be followed by the hospital department such as Involvement of long acting bronchodilators in terms of adding the medication to inhaled as an additive therapy such as formoterol, salmeterol, etc. Need to involve the anti-IgE therapy that will be used for the adolescents with the asthma that comes from allergic asthma. Provide short acting bronchodilators in terms of quick relief. Moreover, it is also help in exercising regarding induced the symptoms such as ventolin, maxair, etc. Use of several monoclonal antibodies for the therapy of asthma especially that required for the 5 years aged children. Need to use anticholinergic agents in terms of decreasing the sputum production such as tiotropium, ipratropium, etc. Explanation of mild respiratory infection as a trigger of asthma for BB Mild respiratory infection considers as the trigger of asthma especially for the case of BB who is the 5 years old age child. This was considered because generally the symptoms of mild respiratory infection resulted several issues such as runny nose, sneezing, painful swallowing, nasal breathing, cough etc. However, it has been identified that the family member of BB admitted the child into hospital due to side effect of nasal problems. Therefore, the symptoms of mild respiratory infection were matched with the found out symptoms of BB. That was the reason of considering mild respiratory infection as a trigger of asthma for BB, the five years old child. Rationale for use of inhaled corticosteroids in the long terms management of chronic asthma of BB Feuerbach et al. (2010) argued that inhaled corticosteroids is mainly used for them preferred treatment for long-term control of chronic asthma especially for the children. Inhaled Corticosteroids helps in controlling the inflammation and narrowing within the bronchial tubes. The key reason of using inhaled corticosteroids because it allows the medical department in treating the patient on daily basis. For the BB who is an chronic asthma inhaled corticosteroids always allowed in taking care of the patient with beta2-agonists. However, following are the controlling method of inhaled corticosteroids in terms of treating the BBs chronic asthma Treated the children with little different based on age. Used least amount of medicine for controlling the asthma. Number of medicine and amount of medicine is increased in a certain stage that control the asthma in a better way. In order to treat the patient and provide quick relief inhaled corticosteroids treatment is used. These are the reason of using inhaled corticosteroids for the long-term management of BBs chronic asthma. 4.A) The short term adverse effect that was identified with the inhaled corticosteroids was osteoporosis and adrenal suppression. Apart from that, several short-term effects are also identified including skin fragility, hirsutism, glaucoma, acne vulgaries, etc (Bonin et al. 2014). 4.B) The expected short terms adverse effect that associated with the medicine of inhaled B2 agonists were Muscle Tremors Irregular heartbeat Increased heartbeat Extra pressure on mind Anxiety Headache Nervousness Problems that may be associated with the long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids therapy in young children As opined by Feuerbach et al. (2010), asthma is a critical disease. Therefore, long-term use of inhaled corticosteroids therapy in the human body of young children may be affected by several problems such as Impaired growth in childhood Skin bruising and thinning Decrease bone mineral density Cataracts due to high dose Effectiveness of bronchodilator therapy rather than a nebulizer of the health team management for BBs acute attack Bronchodilator therapy is an effective health treatment method especially for the asthma treatment because it easily identifies the heath claims of the asthma patient and using short acting beta2-agonist reduces the problem (Fritz, 2013). Explanation of systematic administration of the corticosteroid that assist in the recovery after an acute asthma attack The systematic administration of the corticosteroid helps in recovering after an acute asthma attack of the patient via live saving and dramatic benefits. Apart from that, the systematic administrations maximize the therapeutic and achieve several affects through listing the condition of the patient (Arins, 2013). Based on the condition of asthma, the systematic administration of the corticosteroid allows the health care specialist in monitoring the patient after acute asthma attack through motivating in participate on sports and exercise. Aspects of monitoring BB during the combined therapy In response to treatment, the level of control achieved including the adherence success of patient. Apart from that, health care specialist has to develop a treatment plan that will be goal oriented. Moreover, need to take responsibility of taking care of patient about the dedication of treatment. Bullock et al. (2007) suggested that if any difficulties occurred the need to increase the amount as well as number of medications along with frequency. 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