Ethics & defined Essay Example for Free

Ethics defined EssayEthics is usually defined as the rules or standards governing the conduct of people. Gender is the social dimension of being staminate or female. Most people acquired sex identity by the age of three. War should be dumb as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities. nonenation digest be expected to wage warfare with one hand tied behind its back, provided honorable issues of most profound nature argon raised anytime. Once the actuality of possibility of war becomes the context indoors which we live, men and women are forced into set roles. Gender serves as a medium or sender for wars presence in our innermost social settings. This essay will discuss these honorable issues in war and their link to gender. Discrimination is one of the ethical issues in war. Women form always participated to virtually extent in combat, but several new wars have seen them fighting on the front lines. duration the roles of fema le ex-combatants vary widely the women seem to share one unfortunate characteristic, limited access to benefits when calm and de militarization come. This is in like manner true for girls abducted for sexual services and the families of ex-combatants in the receiving community.These groups are often neglected during mobilisation and reintegration or at best women, girls, and boys may receive equal benefits but are treated as a homogenous group which prevents specialised ineluctably being addressed. (Goldstein, 2001 pg207-212) informal force play especially on women especially rape has its own brand of shame to recent wars. From conflicts in Bosnia, Peru and Rwanda women have been singled out for rape, imprisonment, harassment and execution. Systematic rape is often used as a weapon of ethnic purgatorial.More than 20, 000 Moslem girls and women have been raped in Bosnia since fighting began in 1992. Impregnated girls have been forced to bear the enemys child. (Human Rights W atch, 2000 pg12) Sexual force of women erodes the fabric of community in a way that few weapons can. Rapes damage can be devastating because of strong communal reaction to the violation and pain stamped on entire families. The harm inflicted in such cases in a woman by a rapist is an attack on her family and culture, as in galore(postnominal) societies women are viewed as repositories of a communitys cultural and spiritual values.(UN, 2005 pg8) In addition to rape, girls and women are besides subject to forced prostitution and trafficking during measure of war sometimes with complicity of governments and military authorities. During World War II, women were abducted, imprisoned and forced to satisfy the sexual needs of occupying forces and many Asian women were also involved in prostitution during the Vietnam War. The trend continues in directlys conflicts. Nearly 80 percent of the 53 million people displaced by wars today are women and children.Refugee families much cite rap e as the key factor influencing in their decision to seek refuge. (Alison, 2007pg78-83) The high endangerment of inflection with sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS, accompanies all sexual violence against women and girls. The movement of refugees and marauding military units and the breakdown of health services and public education worsen the impact of diseases and chances for treatment. The exchange of sex for vindication during the civil war in Uganda in the 1980s was a contributing factor to the countrys high rate of AIDS.(UN, 2005 pg131) Women suffer a double victimisation, in that they were compelled against their will to join the armed forces and today they are victimised by society for having played a combative role in the conflict. They are treated with hostility suspicion for breaching both gender and sex roles. These women are largely excluded from disarmament and reintegration programmes of sierra Leones peace process which party favor men and boys. This e specially occurs in Sierra Leone. (Human Rights Watch, 2000 pg7) Men and boys are also victims of gender based sexual violence during war.Women are raped as a way to crucify the men they are related to, who are often forced to watch the assault. In societies where ethnicity is inherited by means of the male line, enemy women are raped and forced to bear children. Sexual violation of children has devastating effects. The m early(a) of captivity and sexual destroys a girls sense of home and security, of self worth and personnel of the possibility of safe interpersonal relationships, indeed of any future at all. Men tend to greatly underreport experiences of sexual violence. They may have doubts about their sexuality and fear infertility.(Carpenter, 2003 pg 661-694) A war is only fairish if it is fought for a good reason. A country that wishes to use military force must demonstrate that on that point is a just cause for doing so. Just war theory is the most influential perspectiv e on ethics of war and peace. For a war to be just there must be a just cause, right intention, proper authority and public declaration, proper authority and public declaration, a live on resort, probability of success, and proportionality. Pacifism is also an ethical issue in war. Pacifism rejects war in favour of peace.It is non violence in all its forms that the most challenging kind of pacifism objects to rather is the specific kind and degree of violence that wars involves which the pacifists objects to. They object to cleaning in general and particular mass killing for political reasons, which is part and parcel of the war time experience. Most women are generally pacifists as compared to males. concourse are pacifists for one or some of these reasons religious faith, non-religious belief in the sanctity of life and practical belief that war is wasteful and ineffective.Pacifism cannot be national policy as it only whole shebang when no one wants to attack your country or if the nation with whom you are in dispute is also committed to pacifism. Because most societies regard going to war as fulfilling a citizens ethical duty, they honour those who retort their lives in war. If there is believe in war governed by ethics we should only honour those who roll their lives in a just war and who followed the rules of war. It should be wrong to honour dead soldiers who killed the enemy or wounded or raped enemy women. (Harris and King, 1989 pg78)(Goldstein 2001) defines war as lethal inter group violence and feminism as an ideology opposing male domination and promoting gender equality. Cross cultural concord of gender wars is pervasive and not universal. Women have fought in wars but are portrayed as exceptions to the gender rule that men are warriors. Gender exclusion from combat is by policy choice not by physical ability, women can and do fight. There is no support for arguments regarding predisposition to aggression and belittled support for the hyp othesised link between testosterone and aggression.Gender is portrayed as a weapon to humiliate a military opponent or to discredit peace activism and political dissent from military policy. A recent example is, Secretary of Defence Donald Rumsfields remark about media mood swings in regard to censure of the war in Iraqi, a reference clearly intended to evoke the archetype of the irrational menstrual/menopausal women. Rape in war as well as military homophobia underlies exclusion of policies aimed at sexual minorities. Neither men nor women benefit from war at the expense of the other, both genders lose in war.Neither genetics per se, nor hormones (males or female) nor male bonding nor womens innate pacifism explain gendered war roles. (Suzzane, 2002 Pg 407). The interdependence between war and gender is obscure. However it is clear that it is not soldiers who make war but societies that make war. War does not happen without womens knowledge cooperation, and participation, however few or many actually take up arms and engage in battle. War is based on a dominatory approach to relationships in which the usual overriding aim is to get the better of or overcome the other who is framed as an opponent or competitor.Gender as we know it, which positions men as governing and characterises them as aggressive and heroic, is fundamental to the culture of domination of which war is an expression. The kind-hearted resources of moral sensibility and decency have been buried or seriously depleted. The impetus towards peace that is so necessary in ending of violence conflict is diminished by the discouragement of half the population from active participation. A gendered perspective of human security enables a more advanced understanding of the perspectives of those involved in conflict including victims perpetrators and decision makers.(Zeigler and Gilbert, 2006)ReferencesAlison, M. (2007) Wartime Sexual Violence Womens human rights and questions of masculinity, Review o f International Studies Pg 75-90 Carpenter, R. C, Women and Children First gender norms and humanitarian evacuation in the Balkans, International Organization 5, 7, 4, 2003, Pg 661-694 Cohn, C Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defence Intellectuals, Signs, Vol. 12, No. 4 1987 Pg 687-78 NO1101 Harris, A and King, Y (eds) Rocking the ship of state Towards a feminist peace politics, Bovider, C.O wolfram view press 1989. Human Rights Watch (HRW) 2000 Rape as a weapon of Ethnic cleansing HRW, March 1. Jousha S. Goldstein (2001) War and Gender How Gender shapes the war system and vice versa. Cambridge University Press Pg 201-213. Moser N, and Clark F (eds), victims, Perpetrators or Actors Gender, Armed Conflict and Political Violence London Zed Books 2001, V. 64. Nashim A Journal of Jewish Womens studies Gender Issues. Rosemarie Skaing (1999) Women at War Gender issues of Americans in combat McFarland and Company North Carolina and LondonSymposium on war and Gender, (2003) (Reviews of Goldsteins Book) Perspectives on policies, 1, 2, 330-347 The state of Worlds Children 1996. UNICEF United Nations (2005) Africa Renewal Sexual Violence, an undetectable war crime Warren, J and Cady, L (1994) Feminism and Peace Seeing connections Hypatia special Issue on Feminism and peace Pg 7-14. HQ1101. World Bank (2002) Addressing Gender Issues in Demobilisation and Reintegration Programs, Africa Region Working composing Series 33 Zeigler, S and Gilbert, G (2006) The Gendered Dimensions of Conflicts Aftermath A